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On 2021/Feb/22, at 12:02, John Denker via Phys-l <phys-l@mail.phys-l.org <mailto:phys-l@mail.phys-l.org>> wrote:
For example, if you connect an AC signal to a capacitor,
⟨ΔV⟩ will be
nonzero, ⟨I⟩ will be nonzero, but [P] will be zero. Energy will flow
into and out of the capacitor, but the average [P] is zero. If we
integrate P over a cycle, we find the net energy transfer is zero.
Power companies know all about this, and they have a name for it:
PF ≡ *power factor*