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Many musical instruments are also open-pipe resonators. Some examples
are the saxophone and the flute.
Practice Problems 9. A bugle can be thought of as an open pipe. If a bugle were
straightened out, it would be 2.65 m long.
a. If the speed of sound is 343 m/s, find the lowest frequency
that is resonant in a bugle (ignoring end corrections).
b. Find the next two higher resonant frequences in the bugle.
10. A soprano saxophone is an open pipe. ....
Many familiar musical instruments are open-pipe resonators. Brass
instruments, flutes, oboes, and saxophones are some examples. Closed-
pipe resonators, like the clarinet, have only the odd harmonics.
22. A clarinet sounds the same note as in the previous problem,
370 Hz. It, however, produces harmonics that are only odd
multiples of the fundamental frequency. What are the frequencies
of the lowest three harmonics produced by the clarinet?
2. When you blow across the top of a soda bottle, a puff of air
(compression) travels downward, bounces from the bottom, and
travels back to the opening. When it arrives (in less than
a millisecond), it disturbs the flow of air that you are
still producing across the top. This causes a slightly
bigger puff of air to start again on its way down the bottle.
This happens repeatedly until a very large and loud vibration
is built up that you hear as sound. The pitch depends on the
time taken for the back and forth trip. What happens to the pitch as liquid is added to the bottle?