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> . . . Gauge invariance allows us to make the transformation
> (V1, V2, V3) --> (V1+k, V2+k, V3+k)
> any time we want. This applies to *any* system,
> no matter what the size /
> shape / location of the objects.
> As a special case, we can choose k=-V3,
>which is tantamount to forcing V3=0
> and making all voltage measurements relative thereto.
>
The point is that your k = V3 is not a "constant " - it changes value
(relative to infinity) as the system goes into different states.
> Why is not object 3 a meaningful reference point,
>regardless of its size / > shape / location?
It is a fine reference point if you are only interested in differences of
potential in a given, single, system state. But how do you examine the
behavior of the reference point V3 as the system changes from state to
state (ie, the Q's and V's all change - except of course your V3)?
Another way of saying this is that if one were to refer your calculated
potentials to infinity, each system state would need a different k (its
own gauge).
To compare different states one must somewhere refer to a point whose
potential is unaffected by changing system states (eg: infinity).