How can a force F1=2 N overcome the force F2 equal to 12 N?
It's called mechanical advantage.
It occurs all the time. You ask how can it occur; I ask why
should it not occur? Why should it be considered odd? There
is no such thing as conservation of force.
There is of course conservation of energy. In static mechanics
situations such as this, we have
F1 • dx1 = F2 • dx2
Mechanical consists of F1 being larger than F2 in conjunction
with dx1 being smaller than dx2.
The geometry of the situation determines the ratio of dx1 to
dx2. That plus conservation of energy determines the ratio
of F1 to F2.