[Phys-l] Energy Conservation and the BIVERSE

[Spinozalens@aol.com]

Energy Conservation and the BIVERSE 
 
 
 
There are various cosmological models which attempt to explain the creation 
 of the Universe(s). Vic Stenger's  "A Scenario for a Natural Origin of the 
 Universe" based on the No Boundary Model published in Philo is a good  
example. These models are based on what Cosmologists call "Third Quantization." 
 In this class of models we can equate the creation of Universes with the  
creation of virtual particles in the vacuum of space. We get the following  
Identities.
 
 
Particle = Universe
 
Interaction Vertex= Topology change
 
Matter field = wave function of the Universe 
 
Free Laplacian = Wheeler De Witt Operator
 
Vacuum = Void
 
 
 
In these models Universes are created in Pairs for the same reason  
particles and virtual black holes are created in pairs, to ensure  conservation 
principles. This is indicated by the quote below.
 
 
   
> From the "The Universe  Before the Big Bang" by Maurizo Gasperini Pages 
150,151  
"The crucial  difference with respect to the process of chapter 6 is that 
the oscillations now  being amplified are those of the Wheeler De Witt wave 
function, representing the  evolution of the Universe. Hence, the process can 
once again be described [in  the context of the third quantization of the 
Wheeler De Witt function]. As of  pair creation. However, the resulting pairs 
are not particles, but pairs of  Universes, directly produced from the 
string perturbative vacuum,i.e. from the  initial state of the pre big bang 
scenario."  
"In the same way as  the particles emerging from the vacuum are produced in 
pairs and characterized  by opposite physical properties [i.e. opposite 
charges, momentum, angular  momentum, etc.] to avoid violations of conservation 
laws, the Universes are also  produced in pairs, and are characterized by 
opposite kinematic properties. One  of the two Universes expands while the 
others shrinks. However, the shrinking  Universe behaves as if it were 
traveling backwards in time in mini superspace."  
It is well know, on  the other hand, within the context of second 
quantization, that a particle  moving backwards in time ought to interpreted as an 
anti particle, with opposite  charge. Moving forward in time. Thus, in a third 
quantization context, the  shrinking Universe must be reinterpreted as an 
anti-universe which is expanding,  and the anti tunneling process must be 
seen as pair production of Universe and  anti-Universe, both expanding, one 
toward the singularity and the other toward  the current low energy regime"  
End quote  
In addition, in  these models the interaction vertex is replaced by a 
topological structure known  as an Instanton (two merons). This topological 
structure provide a  mechanism for CPT reversing across the saddle point, the 
origin of these  Universes.  
However, in this post  I will, using a semi Newtonian description, 
demonstrate a connection between  energy conservation and the BIVERSE model by 
"proving" that the  creation of a single Universe rather than a BIVERSE violates 
energy  conservation.  This therefore is another argument for the BIVERSE  
model. 
INFLATION  
It is often said that  inflation is the ultimate free lunch. This is 
because mass energy is created by  also creating equal and opposite signed 
gravitational energy. In fact it's this  negative gravitational energy which causes 
the inflating Universe to fall up.  This is easy to see.  Given the gravity 
potential energy equation  
E_G= -G*M^2/R  
We can that in  "falling down" which is defined by  
dR/dt <0  
takes the system to a  lower more stable energy level. However, in the 
state of false vacuum with  a non zero Vacuum energy density, the more stable 
condition is accomplished  by the Universe "falling up."  We get; 
M=  rho_vav*V = rho*(4pi*R^3/3) 
Therefore  
E_G= -16*pi*GR^5*rho^2/9 
Assuming rho_vac is  constant we get  
E_G=-k*R^5  
Given that during  inflation  
E_m= -  E_G  
we see that  
dE_unv/dt=0  
After inflation is  launched.  
But this is not the  whole story. As related by DR Whittle of the 
University of Virginia  
"To Actually Start  the expansion, we need a minimum of amount of vacuum, a 
seed patch, if you  like, to get the process off and running. It's actually 
not too difficult to see  why. Going back to the Sphere, if it expands to 
add to this shell (additional  energy at launch) the extra gravitational 
energy released is  G*M_sphere*M_shell/R and this must be greater than 
M_shell*c^2 in order to make  the extra shell. Notice that the M_shell's cancel , so 
for inflation to get  going we need G_M_sphere/R >c^2. Basically you need a 
big enough sphere to  generate enough gravitational energy to create the new 
shell." 
End Quote  
Therefore we can take  this at the minimum point and say 
E_min=  R*c^4/G  
Assuming inflation at  the GUT scale where  
R= 3E-29  M  
we get  
E_inf= 4E15 Joules (  44 gms) 
Based on this we can  see that inflation can't be launched in a proto 
Universe with a flat space  metric. This connects well with our understanding of 
the tunneling process which  is proposed to create new Universes. In their 
landmark paper "Origin of the  Universe as Quantum Tunneling event" David 
Atkatz and Heinz Pagels prove  that only finite Universes may tunnel into 
existence. As we shall this will  connect well with Whittle's assertions above. 
But first we must look at the  energy condition of a Universe (Hubble Volume) 
as a function of its overall  geometry.   
The total energy any  comoving observers "sees" is given by  
E(R) =  E_mass(R) + E_grav(R)  
Based on the  homogeneous nature of the Universe we can write 
E(R)= E_mass(R) - 2*G*E_mass(R)*M(R)/(R*c^2)  
M(R) = O*rho_crit*V  
M(R)= O*c^2R^3/(2*G*R_H) 
Where O is the density  parameter and R_H is the Hubble Radius.  
Therefore  
E(R)= E_mass(R)- O*E_mass(R)*R^2/R_H^2   
E(R)= 1- O*R^2/R_H^2  
For the Hubble volume  we get  
E_H= E_mass*(1-O) 
We can  see from this only in flat space in the total energy of the Hubble 
volume zero.  But based on the assertion by Atkatz and Pagels it would take 
an infinite energy  fluctuation to tunnel into existence a flat Universe. 
Now let's go back to  Whittle's assertions and see where this takes us.  Based 
on Whittle we have  
E_vac=  R*c^4/G  
We can easily see that this gives  us  
Rho_vac=  3*c^4/(4*pi*G*R^2) 
We know from  the Friedmann equations that  
Rho_crit= 3*c^4/(8*pi*G*R^2}  
Therefore  
O= rhp_vac/rho_crit = 2  
E_H= E_mass*(1-O) =  E_mass*(1-2) = - E_mass  
Therefore in an inflating  Universe at the moment of launch   
E_H= -E_vac  
A Universe that is falling up.  
However if Universes are created  in pairs we also have 
E_H= - E_mass*(1_O)=  + E_mass  
Therefore  
E_Biverse= E_H(+)+ E_H(-)=0  
A zero energy creation event. (  Actually the supplemental energy states 
are needed to sum energy to zero, the  implications of this is still under 
consideration. This is made apparent in the  Venziano-Gasperini model.)  
In addition since  
a=a(0)exp{sqrt[Lambda/3]*c*t} 
We get the  interesting equation  
t(efold)= R(0)/c  
Given inflation at the GUT scale  we find that  
t(efold)= 1E-37 sec 
Which is the correct value  predicted by the inflationary models. 
While the above is in no way  rigorous, it nevertheless seems useful. 
Bob Zannelli  
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 
_http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Godless/Origin.pdf_ 
(http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Godless/Origin.pdf)