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that formative assessment is an essential component of classroom work
and that its development can raise standards of achievement, Mr.
Black and Mr. Wiliam point out. Indeed, they know of no other way of
raising standards for which such a strong prima facie case can be
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Black, P., & D. Wiliam. 2005. "Reviewing research into classroom
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School of Physics "Enrico Fermi" Course CLVI. Amsterdam: IOS press.
Black, P., C. Harrison, C. Lee, B. Marshall, & D. Wiliam. 2004.
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classroom," Phi Delta Kappan 86(1): 8-21, for a King's College
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Carnoy, M., R. Elmore, & L.S. Siskin, eds. 2003. "The New
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CEW. 2005. Committee on Education and the Workforce, a Subcommittee
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I thank Larry Woolf for bringing this document to my attention.
Clinchy, E. ed. 2000. "Creating New Schools: How Small Schools Are
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Grubb, W.N. 2005. "Everything I Really Need To Know I Learned In
Helsinki," Los Angeles Times Opinion Section, 5 June 2005; for a free
abstract search the archives
<http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/search.html> for "Grubb."
Grubb's piece has been copied into the archives of AERA-L at Hake
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Grubb, W.N. & M. Lazerson. 2004. "The Education Gospel: The Economic
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democracy."
Hake, R.R. 2002. "Lessons from the physics education reform effort,"
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<http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol5/iss2/art28/>. Ecology and Society
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Hake, R.R. 2005e. "Teachers: the Archimedean Lever for Elevating
Public Schools," online at
<http://lists.asu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0506&L=aera-l&T=0&F=&S=&P=160>.
Post of 3 Jun 2005 17:18:11-0700 to AERA-C, AERA-G, AERA-GSL, AERA-H,
AERA-J, AERA-K, AERA-L, AP-physics, ASSESS, Biopi-L, Chemed-L,
EvalTalk, Math-Learn, Phys-L, PhysLrnR, Physhare, POD, STLHE-L,
TeachingEdPsych, and TIPS.
Kozol, J. 1992. "Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools."
Harper Collins.
Levine, E. 2002. "One Kid at a Time: Big Lessons from a Small
School." Teachers College Press.
Meier, D. 2002. "The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a
Small School in Harlem." Beacon Press.
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Sen, A., L. Partelow, & D.C. Miller. 2005. "Comparative Indicators of
Education in the United States and Other G8 Countries: 2004" (NCES
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Sternberg, R.J. 2004. "Good Intentions, Bad Results: A Dozen Reasons
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Swidler, S.A. 2004. "Naturally Small: Teaching and Learning in the
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description see
<http://www.infoagepub.com/www/products/product1/Swidler.pdf>. For a
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<http://www.umaine.edu/jrre/20-4.htm>.
Toch, T. 2003. "High Schools On a Human Scale: How Small Schools Can
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Tyack, D. 2003. "Seeking Common Ground: Public Schools in a Diverse
Society." Harvard University Press. See esp. Chapter 4 "Thoroughly
Trained in Failure: Mismatch of Pupil and School": Tyack wrote: "But
so long as school resources continue to reflect the gross
inequalities of wealth and income in this country, major achievement
gaps will persist between the prosperous and the poor, and too many
students will continue to be, now as in the past, 'thoroughly trained
in failure.'"