Astronomy Program. 2002. Univ. of Alabama, Dept. of Physics and
Astronomy, "Four Thousand Years of Women in Science"; online at
<http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/4000WS.html>: "4,000 years of women in
science! Did you know that? Women are, and always have been,
scientists. This site lists over 125 names from our scientific and
technical past. They are all women! This site grew out of the public
talks given by Dr. Sethanne Howard. . . (2000). . . currently with
the National Science Foundation. As we learn more, we add it to this
page. We hope you will share what you know with
us. This includes inventors, scholars and writers as well
as mathematicians and astronomers. We hope you enjoy learning about
some of these women."
AWIS. 2002. Association for Women in Science; online at
<http://www.awis.org/>: ". . . dedicated to achieving equity and full
participation for women in science, mathematics, engineering and
technology. . . . AWIS has over 5,000 members in fields spanning the
life and physical sciences, mathematics, social science, and
engineering. Over 50% of AWIS members have doctorates in their
respective fields, and hold positions at all levels of industry,
academia, and government." See especially:
a. AWIS Magazine <http://www.awis.org/magazine.html>. A "Find" search
for "AWIS" will disclose articles from that source in the present
list . . . [Mallow & Hake 2002).
Butler, C. 2002. "Reaching for the Stars - Interviews with Women
Astronauts: Sally Ride," AWIS Magazine, Spring; online at
<http://www.awis.org/magazine.html>. (See Ride 2002.)
Byers, N. and Colleagues. 2002. "Contributions of 20th Century Women
to Physics"; online at <http://www.physics.ucla.edu/%7Ecwp/>:
"Presented here is an archive of data on 86 twentieth century women
who have made original and important contributions to physics. The
citations describe and document their major contributions and provide
biographical information pertaining to the scientific lives of the
women. The archive is limited to citations of 20th century women
whose contributions to physics were published before 1976. A cutoff
was necessary owing to limited R&D resources. The number of women
publishing original and important contributions to physics since then
is rapidly increasing, and is much larger than it was in earlier
times."
Colwell, R. 2000. Preface to Wasserman (2000); online at
<http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6375.html>, pp. ix-xii: "Intelligence is
not linked to the Y chromosome; to exclude half the population from
scientific inquiry is to deny us, as a nation, an extraordinary
amount of ability and intelligence. . . .The cost of excluding any
group has simply become too high. Why are women underrepresented in
science today? I wish there were a single reason because then the
problem could be easily targeted and changed. But the answer is not
simple. IN PART, IT LIES IN WHAT I CALL THE 'VALLEY OF DEATH' IN
EDUCATION, WHEN GIRLS GRADES 4 THROUGH 8 ARE, IN SUBTLE AND NOT SO
SUBTLE WAYS, DISCOURAGED FROM PURSUING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. NOT
ONLY IS THE INVITATION NOT EXTENDED, BUT EVEN THOSE WITH A NATURAL
BENT TOWARD SCIENCE ARE TOO OFTEN DIRECTED ELSEWHERE. Add to this the
DEARTH OF ROLE MODELS (at least ones they might have been told about)
and a LACK OF MENTORS, and it no surprise that these girls pass
science by. . . . Now, having achieved success, I look back and
realize that I was indeed climbing a steep
hill and that someone was constantly rolling boulders into my path.
OUR TASK TODAY IS TO PREVENT SOMEONE FROM ROLLING THOSE SAME BOULDERS
INTO THE PATH OF YOUNG WOMEN WHO SEEK TO MAKE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO
THE WORLD OF SCIENCE. . . .The stories of many of the women profiled
in "The Door in the Dream" parallel my personal trek. All have the
mental toughness to passionately pursue interests they love and to
persevere in the face of obstacles. Eventually, like myself, they
have reaped the rewards of being underdeterred and true to
themselves." (Our CAPS.)
Ford, K.W. 1989. "Guest Comment: Is physics difficult?" Am J. Phys.
57(10), 871-872.
Hake, R.R. 2002a. "Physics First: Precursor to Science/Math Literacy
for All?" Summer 2002 issue of the American Physical Society "Forum
on Education Newsletter" Summer 2002; online at
<http://www.aps.org/units/fed/summer2002/hake.html>.
Hake, R.R. 2002b. "Physics First: Opening Battle in the War on
Science/Math Illiteracy?" Submitted to the American Journal of
Physics on 27 June 2002; online at
<http://www.physics.indiana.edu/~hake/>.
Howard, S. 2000. "Science Has No Gender," STATUS, January; online in
pdf form at <http://www.aas.org/~cswa/pubs.html>: "For over 4,000
years the historical record has, now and then, included scientists,
engineers, and natural philosophers. For over 4,000 years there have
been women in that list just as there have been men. Who would have
thought it? It's true. Science is as traditional a role for women as
it has been for men. . . . The people who can
combine the sensible chunks into useful solutions are scientists and
engineers. Scientists do tend to share certain attributes: luck,
intelligence, education, ability, courage, and sweat. There is no
gender lurking in these features. None. THE RESULTS OF SCIENCE HAVE
NO GENDER. . .
.With the help of Dr. Deborah Crocker at the University of Alabama we
created a web page . . . [Astronomy Program (2002)]. . . with all the
details." (EMPHASIS in the original.)
Mentor Net. 2002. "The E-Mentoring Network for Women in Engineering
and Science"; online at <http://www.mentornet.net/>.
NAP. 1997. National Academy Press, "Adviser, Teacher, Role Model,
Friend: On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering";
online at
<http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5789.html>.
NAP. 2000. National Academy Press. Committee on Women in Science and
Engineering. "Who Will Do the Science of the Future? A Symposium on
Careers of Women" in Science National Academy Press; online at
<http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10008.html>.
Snyder, W. 2001. "Understanding and Appreciating Physics from
Pre-school On (or The Search for Intelligent Life in the Universe
Should Start Here on Earth)," APS Forum on Education Newsletter,
Spring; online at
<http://www.aps.org/units/fed/spring2001/snyder.html>.
Tobias, S. 2002. "Women & Physics, Physics & Women: A Puzzlement," in
"Science Literacy for the Twenty-first Century," S.P. Marshall, J.A.
Scheppler, & M.J. Palmisano, eds. Prometheus Books, pp. 31-43.
[Contributors include: Stephen J. Gould, Howard Gardner, Margaret
Geller, James Trefil, Lawrence Krauss, George Keyworth, and Bruce
Alberts: "Related to some women's lack of confidence is the terrible
sense imparted to some young women in high school, that they have to
choose 'either to be a girl or to do physics.' This is in large
measure because physics remains an 'elective' in U.S. high schools,
intended only for 'nerds.'" [See Lederman (2000).]
Wasserman, E. 2000. "The Door in the Dream: Conversations With
Eminent Women in Science." Joseph Henry Press, online at
<http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6375.html>. Among those interviewed are
Mary Ellen Avery, May R. Berenbaum, Mary K. Gaillard, Margaret
Kidwell, Judith P. Klinman, Nancy Kopell, Marian Koshland, Jane
Lubchenco, Pamela Matson, Cathleen Morawetz, Myriam Sarachik, Joan
Steitz, and Susan Taylor. [preface by R.R. Colwell (2000)].