A follow-up question if I may on the Giancoli question about an animal
freezing at high altitude even though the temperature is 700C.
Where the temperature is 700C at high altitude, what instrument does one
use to measure this? How does one avoid picking up external radiation
effects if one just wants the average kinetic energy of the air molecules?
On the moon in daylight the temperature is about 250C but there are
virtually no air molecules. Did the astronauts wear air conditioners
because primarily of the solar radiation rather than any local
temperature? Would the lunar soil be hot and would this register on a
regular thermometer stuck into the ground?