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| In 1824, Carnot published essentially
| the following argument:
| Heat is an indestructible substance (calorique).
| Perpetuum mobile (of the first kind) is impossible.
| Therefore, all reversible machines working between two given
temperatures
| have the SAME efficiency. . . .- Pentcho
Although heat as an indestructible substance was part of the "caloric
fluid theory", it is not crucial to the referenced Carnot argument.