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c) There are innumerably many viewpoints between
these extremes. We might call these mesoscopic
viewpoints. Among these is the thermodynamic
viewpoint, as exemplified by a spinning flywheel:
normally when we calculate "the" KE of the flywheel
we don't include the KE of the ultramicroscopic
thermal agitation, but we do include the rotational
KE, which is nonzero even though the center of mass
isn't moving.
None of the above is sufficient to salvage the
ghastly "thermodynamic" formula
delta E = W + Q
That formula is a Bad Idea and no amount of
tinkering with the definition of W will fix it.